Earn rewards points every time you shop at Techstreet. These points add up quickly and can be redeemed for valuable Techstreet coupons and Amazon gift cards! A secure PDF contains features that enforce existing copyright laws by preventing reproduction or distribution to other users. Our policy towards the use of cookies This site is powered by Techstreet. Techstreet uses cookies to improve your online experience.
They were placed on your computer when you launched this website. You can change your cookie settings through your browser. Languages: English. How to Buy To upgrade your document to include the redline version: Add the document to your cart. Select the Upgrade with Redline option in the cart pop up. Select your desired number of users. Inspect the sampling bottle or beaker and intermediate automatic gauge or obtain an outage measurementif re- and sample containers, if required, for cleanliness.
Use only quired. Check the thief for proper operation. Use an 4. Open the bottom closure and set the tripping mechanism, automatic gauge or obtain an outage measurement if re- as required. Lower the thief tothe required location. See Table 4. Attach the weighted line to the sample bottlebeaker or 6. At the required location, close the bottom closure on the place the bottle in a samplingcage, as applicable. Insert the cork in the sampling bottle or beaker. Withdraw the thief.
Lower the sampling assembly to the required location. If only a middle sample is required, pour allof the sample See Table 4. If samples are required at more 6. At the requiredlocation, pull out the stopper with a sharp than one location, measure out a specified amount of sam- jerk of the sampling line. Note: The amount of sample measured will depend on the size of the thief 8.
Withdraw the sampling assembly. Verify the bottleheaker is completely full. If it is not full, 9. Discard the remainder of the sample from the sampling empty the bottlebeaker and repeat the procedure beginning thief as required.
Repeat Steps 4 through 9 to obtain a sample s at the If only this spot sample is required or compositingwill other sample location s required by Table 4 or to obtain ad- be accomplished elsewhere, pourall of the sample into the ditional sample volume if only a middle sample is required. Install the lid on the sample container.
If Label the sample container. Return the sample container to the laboratory or other measure out aspecific amount of sample with a graduated facility for mixing and testing. Note: The amount of sample measured will depend upon the size of the 8. Discard the remainder of the sample fromthe sampling The bottle or beaker spot sampling procedure may be bottlebeaker as required. Repeat Steps 3 through 11 to obtain a sample s at the per square inchabsolute RVP or less in storage tanks, tank other sample location s requiredby Table 4 or to obtain cars, tank trucks,or ship and barge tanks.
Solids or semi-liq- additional sample volume if only a middle sample is re- uids that canbe liquified by heat may besampled using this quired. Install the closure on the sample container. Disconnect the line from the bottle, or remove the sam- 8. The bottle and beaker are shown in Figure 4. The sam- Return the sample container to the laboratory or other pling cage shall be made of a metal or plastic suitably con- facility for mixing and testing.
The combined apparatus shall be of such weight as to sink readily in the 8. Bottles 8. The use of a sampling The running or all-levels sample proceduresare applica- cage is generally preferred to that of a weighted sampling ble for sampling liquids of Solids or tom of the outlet connection or swing line inlet and, without semi-liquids that canbe liquified by heat may be sampled by hesitation, raise it such that the container is between 70 per- this procedure, provided they are true liquids at the time of cent and 85 percent full when withdrawn from liquid.
Alter- tional filling. The rate of filling is proportional to the square nately an all-level sample can be taken with samples de- root ofthe depth of immersion. Verify that a proper quantityof sample has been obtained. Alternatively, repeatSteps 3 and 4 using a different notched cork.
Recommendedopeningdiametersfor various applications are given in Table5. Inspect the sampling bottle and sample container for Material Opening cleanliness and use only clean, dry equipment.
Attach the weighted line to thesample bottle, or place the Light lubricating oils, kerosenes, gasolines, bottle in a sampling cage. Empty the contents of the bottlebeaker into an interme- tap should be equippedwith a delivery tube that permits the diate sample container, as necessary. If additional sample volume is required, repeat Steps 3 For tanks having a side outlet, a tap for obtaining a clear- through 6. Other requirementsfor 9. Disconnect the line from the bottle, or remove the sam- Clean, dry glass bottles of convenient size and strengthto ple bottle from thesampling cage, as applicable.
Return the sample container to the laboratory or other facility for mixing and testing. Inspect the sample container s and graduated cylinder The tap sampling procedure is applicable for sampling liq- for cleanliness.
If required, obtain clean equipment or clean uids of As sampling taps. This procedureis recommended for volatile necessary, precool the equipment to beused. Samples may be taken from the drain cocks of 3. Flush the sample tap and piping until they have been gauge glasses,if the tank is not equipped with sampling taps. Collect the sample in, a sample container or a graduated 8.
Each Table 7. If samples are to be obtainedfrom different taps, use tap should bea minimum of 1. Taps 2. Otherwise, collectthe sample directly in the sample heavy, viscous liquids for example, crudeoil of.
Ifa delivery tubeis used, ensure the end of the de- sity 18 MI or less. On tanks that are not equipped with livery tube is maintained below the liquid level in the grad- floating roofs, each sampletap should extendinto the tank a uated cylinder or samplecontainer during the withdrawal of minimum of 10 centimeters 4 inches.
Normally, a sample the sample. A minimum of three taps are on opposite sides of the tank. If the sample was collected in a graduated cylinder, de- 2 to 4 inches and then lowerthe thief untilit strikes the bot- posit the sample in the sample container. Remove the thief fromthe tank and 6. Disconnect the delivery tube and cooler as applicable.
Close and la- 7. If required in accordance with Table 7, repeat Steps 3 bel the container immediately and deliver it to the laboratory.
Return the sample container to the laboratory or other The closed-core thief sampling procedure is applicable facility for mixing and testing. The core thief is also used in sampling crude petroleum in storage tanks.
The thief can be used in some cases to obtain a quantitative estimate of the water at the bottom of a tank. A core-type thief is shown in Figure 3. This type is lowered into the tank with the valve open to permit the hy- drocarbon to flush through the container.
When the thief strikes the bottom of the tank, the valve shuts automatically to trap a bottom sample. The tubing and wire or tape shall be long tained within 1. A closed-core typethief is shown in Fig- from which the sample is to be obtained.
A groundingcable ure 6. This type of thief has a projecting stem on the valve shall be provided for the assembly. The sample enters the container propriate container is required to collect each sample. The valves snap shut when the thief is 8. The extended-tube sampler procedure is as follows: 8.
Assemble the extended-tube sampler. Lower the clean, dry thief through the dome of the tank 2. Following assembly, prime the tubing and pump with wa- car or tank hatch until it strikes the bottom. When full, re- ter and close off ensure it is not vented to atmosphere the move the thief and transfer the contents to the sample con- top end of the assembly to prevent loss of priming water as tainer. Close and label thecontainer immediately and deliver the sampling tube is lowered.
Connectthe grounding cable it to the laboratory. Begin the sampling operationby slowly and steadily op- 8. Collect the sample s directly in a clean, dry bottle s or The procedure maybe used for sampling bottom water in shore other appropriate container s. If a sample at a different level within the bottom water 8.
Purgethe residual water in the A typical extended-tube samplingassembly is shown in tubing assembly twice the sampler assembly volume , and Figure 7. The extended-tube samplerconsists of a flexible collect the new sample s.
After each samplehas been collected, immediately close and label the bottle orcontainer in preparation for delivery Manual sampling pump to the laboratory.
When the sampling operationis complete, clean and dis- Grounding cable - I assemble D the sampler components. When custody transfer isin- volved, continuous automatic sampling is the preferred Weight - method as opposed to manual pipeline samples.
In the event of automatic sampler failure, manual sampling may be needed. Such manual samples should be taken as represen- Figure 7-Typical Extended-Tube Sampler tatively as possible. The probe should be oriented horizontally. Figure 8-Probes for Spot Manual Samples 8.
The design or sizing of the de- vice is optional with the user, as long as the flowing stream A sampling probe is used to direct sample from the flow- is sufficiently well mixed to provide a representative sample ing stream. All probes should extend into the center one-half from the probe.
All probe inlets should be facing up- Sampling lines, used in conjunction with probes, should stream. Probe designs that are commonly used are shown in be as short as is practical and should be cleared before each Figure 8 and described below.
A closed-end tube with a round orifice spaced near the When sampling semi-liquids, it may be necessary to heat closed end as shown in Figure 8A. A short radius elbow or pipe bend. The end of the probe cient to keep the material liquid to ensure accurate sampling. See Figure 8B. A tube beveled at a degreeangleas shown in Figure 8C. Whenever pos- sible, the rate of sample withdrawal should be such that the Since the fluid to be sampled may not always be homo- velocity of liquid flowing through the probe is approximately geneous, the location, position, and size of the sampling equal to the average linear velocity of the stream flowing probe should minimize any separation of water and heavier through the pipeline.
Measure and record the rate of sample particles that would maketheir concentration different inthe withdrawal as gallons per hour.
Divert the sample stream to gathered sample than in the main stream. The sampling probe should preferably be locateda in ver- In sampling crude petroleum and other petroleum prod- tical run of pipe where such a vertical run can beprovided. It is 4 When the main stream flow rate is variable, the sam- upstream of the sampling tap to reduce stratification to an pling rate and volume must be varied accordingly so that the acceptable level.
If flow has been vertical for a sufficient dis- flow is proportional. In practice, this is difficult to accom- tance, as in a platform riser, such a device may not be nec- plish manually. Some effective methods for Each sample of crude petroleum should be placed in a obtaining adequate mixing are a reduction inpipe size, a se- closed container.
Atthe end of the agreed upon time period, l ries of baffles, an orifice or perforated plate, or a combina- the composited sample should be used for test purposes. The sample container should be storedin a cool, dry place; exposure todirect sun- light should be avoided. Alternatively, line samples may be taken at regular inter- vals and individually tested. The individual test results may be arithmetically averaged, adjusting for variations in flow rate during the agreed upon time period.
Either composite or arithmetically averaged results are acceptable by mutual agreement. With either procedure, always label each sample and deliver it to the laboratoryin the container in which it was collected.
The dippershould havea capacity suitable for the amount to be collected and mustbe protected from dust and dirt when not being used. Capacity of the tube can vary from 8. A metal tube Insert the dipper in the free-flowing stream so that a por- suitable for sampling liter gallon drums is shown tion is collected from the full cross section of the stream. Two rings soldered to opposite sides of the tube Take portions at time intervals chosen so that a complete at the upper endare convenient for holding itby slipping two sample proportionalto the pumped quantity is collected.
The fingers through the rings, thus leaving the thumb free to gross amount of sample collected should be approximately close the opening. Use clean, dry cans or glass bottles for 0. Transferthe portions into the sample containeras soon as they are collected. Keep the con- 8. Place the drum or barrel on its side with the bung up. If As soon as all portions of the sample have been collected, the drumdoes not havea side bung, standit upright and sam- close and labelthe sample container and deliverit to thelab- ple from the top.
If detection of water, rust, or other insolu- oratory. Remove the bung and place itbeside the bunghole with 8. Close the upper end of the clean, dry sam- The tube sampling procedureis applicable for sampling pling tube with the thumb, andlower the tube into the oil to liquids of Remove the thumb, lute RVP or less and semi-liquids in drums, barrels, and allowing oil to flow into the tube. Again, close the upper end cans.
Rinse the tubewith the oil by holding it nearly horizontal and turning it so that 8. If subdi- vision of borings is desired, chill, pulverize if necessary , mix, and quarter the borings until reduced to the desired amount. Allow the tube to drain. In- sert the tube into the oil again, holding the thumb against the 8.
If an all-levels sample is desired, insert the tube The grab sampling procedure is applicable for sampling with the upper end open at a rate that permitsthe liquid level all lumpy solids in bins, bunkers, freight cars, barrels, bags, in the tube to remain at the same level as the liquid in the boxes, and conveyors. It is particularlyapplicable for the col- drum. Whenthe tube reaches the bottom, remove the thumb lection of green petroleum coke samples from railroad cars and allow the tube to fill.
Replace the thumb, withdraw the and for the preparation of such samples for laboratory anal- tube quickly, and transfer the contents to the sample con- ysis. Do not allow the hands to come in contact with any or handling are used. Petroleum coke may be sampled while part of the sample. Close the sample container; replace and being loaded into railroad cars from piles or after being tighten the bung in the drumor barrel.
Label the sample con- loaded into railroad cars from coking drums. Obtain samples from cans of For cans capacity should be usedas the sample container. Use a stain- of less than a Lumpy solids are usually heterogeneous and difficult to sample accurately. It is preferable to take samples during the 8. The boring sampling procedureis applicable for sampling When sampling from railroad cars, use one of the fol- waxes and softsolids in barrels, cases,bags, and cakes when lowing procedures: they cannot be melted andsampled as liquids.
Being Loaded from a Pile. Take a full scoop of sample at each of the five sampling points shown inFigure 11, andde- 8. Each sampling point should be located ferred , similar to that shown in Figure 10, and of sufficient equidistant from the sides of the railroad car. After Direct Loading from Coking Drums. At any fiveof Use clean, wide-mouth metal containers or glass jars with the sampling points shown inFigure 12, take a full scoop of covers for cover sample containers.
Cover the sample and 8. Remove the heads or covers of barrels or cases. Open When sampling from conveyors, take one scoop for each bags and wrappingsof cakes. Remove any dirt, sticks, string, 7 to 9 metric tons 8 to 10 short tons of coke transported. These samples may be handledseparately or composited af- Bore three test holes through the body of the material, one ter all samples representing the lot have been taken. If any foreign matter is removed from the interior of shown in Table 3, or in accordance with the agreement be- the materialduring the boring operation, include it as part of tween the purchaser and seller.
Perform the quartering operation 8. Avoid contamination with ine and test each set of borings at the laboratory. Otherwise, cinders, sand, chips from the floor, or any other material. Never take grease samples directly fromgrease kettles, cool- ing pans, tanks,or processing equipment. Do not sample the grease until it has cooled to a temperature not more than 9. When thecontainers for a production batch of grease are of different sizes, treat the grease in each size Figure Location of Sampling Pointsat Different of container as a separate lot.
When inspection is made at Levels for Rail Cars the place of delivery, obtain a sample from each shipment. If a shipment consists of containers from more than one production batch lot numbers , sample each batch sepa- rately. Protect the sample from lossor gain of moistureor dust. Mix If the material being inspected is of grease-like consis- and spread the sample in a circular layer, and divide it into tency, but is not actually a lubricating grease but some mix- quadrants.
Combine twoopposite quadrantsto form a repre- ture of heavy hydrocarbons, suchas microcrystalline waxes sentative reduced sample. If this sample is still too large for or soft bitumens,it is permissible to take samples from pans, laboratory purposes, repeat the quartering operation.
In this tanks, or other processing equipment, as well as from con- manner, the sample will finally be reduced toa representa- tainers of the finished product. The grease sampling method tive, suitable size for laboratory purposes.
Labeland deliver shall be applicable to such stocks only if for some reason it the sample to the laboratory in a suitable container. This procedureis quite general because a wide 8. Proceed in accordance with Sections 5 through 6 , surfaces of the container with that in the center, at15 least cen- particularly those paragraphs pertaining to precautions, care, timeters 6 inches below the top surface, for texture and con- and cleanliness, except where they conflict with 8.
When more than one container of a lot or shipment is through 8. If any markeddifference in the grease from the Container Lot or Shipment Minimum Sample various locations of an opened container is found, take two separate samples of about 0.
If any marked variationsare noted be- 2. When more than one sample of a batch or shipment containers is taken because of lack of uniformity,send them to the lab- Largerthan 4. Use a large spoon or spatula and a clean container.
Avoid vigorous mixing or working of air into the grease. For greases having tainer in sufficient quantity to provide a composite sample a penetration of less than , cut samples from each con- of the desired quantity see Table 8.
Withdraw portions with tainer with a knife in the form of blocks about 15 X 15 X a clean scoop, large spoon, or spatula, and place them in a 5 centimeters 6 X 6 X 2 inches. If required, make un- clean container. Very soft, semi-fluid greases may be sam- worked penetration tests on blocks as procured and other in- pled by dipping with a 0.
Harmful or fatal ifswalbwed. Keep away from heat, sparks, and open flame. Extremely flammable. Vapors maycauseflash fires. Vapor is b. Keep container closed. Use with adequate ventilation. Please observe the following precautions when handling d.
Avoid a buildup of vapors andeliminate all sources of ig- benzene or fluids containing benzene. Avoid prolonged breathing of vapor or spray mist. Avoid prolonged or repeated skin contact. Use a fume hood whenever possible.
Avoid a buildup of vapors andeliminate all sources of ig- nition, especially nonexplosion-proof electrical apparatus AS Toluene and heaters. Avoid prolonged breathing of vapors or spray mist. Vapor harmful. Avoid contact with skin and eyes. Please observe the following precautions when handling h. Do not take internally. Harmful if inhaled. Vapors d. Avoid breathing of vapors or spray mist. Avoid prolonged or repeated contact with skin.
Please observe the following precautions when handling diluent naphtha or fluids containing diluent.
0コメント